: Do modern readers believe the first person narrator can't die? Back in highschool in the 90s we had an assignment to write an extra chapter for a book. After some discussion the teacher told

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I would say I specialize myself in first person short stories narrated in past tense where the narrator abruptly dies at the end. It's kind of specific, but oh well.

In my experience, most people don't expect this, although I am not sure if it is because of the narration style or because death comes to the narrator without foreshadowing. Another factor could be that my narrator is usually the protagonist, and people don't tend to expect the death of the main character because we are generally used to happy endings.

Logic would tell us that if it is being narrated in past tense, and not part of an "episodic" narration (think a journal), the narrator managed to survive to tell us their story, but there are three possible exceptions: the narrator is narrating just before expiring, in a surprisingly lucid last instant where time stops and they get to analyze the events that led to their demise; the narrator shifts to present tense right before the end, as if the story was one big flashback; or the narrator is indeed narrating their story post-mortem, whether it explicitly alludes to afterlife or not. I have written stories in the first and second cases, and the one I wrote using the first style is one of my favourites.

Tension almost always will arise not from the protagonist's life being at a stake, but from anything else. People often expect happy endings where the protagonist gets to live, unless we are clearly writing a tragedy or a horror story. Nobody expects the action hero to die, so you can use this to your advantage and let the reader get their guards down for the grand cruel finale.

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When reading, I generally assume that a first person narrator likely won't die unless, as in the examples provided in previous responses, it is announced or explained early on in the story.

However, this doesn't mean there's no tension. There are other stakes beyond life vs. death to consider.

I also think it is worth noting that the majority of first-person-narrated books have been written in the past tense. That is, with expressions such as "I saw," "I did," "he looked at me," etc. This type of structure strongly implies to me that the narrator is recounting the story, and thus that they have survived its events to do so. But as you've said there are some first-person stories told in the present tense -- "I see," "I do," "he looks at me," etc. Think of the Hunger Games and Divergent series. First person in the present tense makes it seem much more likely to me as a reader that the narrator might not survive to recount the story because its not really necessary logically. The plot could even continue if a new first person, or even third person narrator took over where the original one left things.

In my opinion as a reader, first person does not reduce tension if properly executed, and the tense does matter. If your story involves life-or-death stakes, I would choose to narrate in the present. But, there are many other kinds of tension than forcing the reader to ask will they die? -- even a first-person-past narrator may be recounting the story from a different country, decades later with a new family, or from a hospital bed, dictating their life story at the last opportunity they'll ever have. If it's a more personal, character-driven story than an epic adventure of numerous perils, narrating in the past might actually maintain more tension -- They're going to pull through this mess somehow, surely, but how on earth will they ever get their life back together? Will they be the same person on the other side?

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While I think in general it's best NOT to kill a first-person narrator, there are many examples of stories where the narrator is dead or dies. Some examples:

The Lovely Bones
Murther and Walking Spirits by Robertson Davies
King Leary by Paul Quarrington
Statesman, by Piers Anthony
Sunset Boulevard by Billy Wilder
All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich
Maria Remarque

I'm willing to bet there are LOADS of them out there; I found the list above by Googling "First person novels where the narrator dies at the end." They came from this forum post:
boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=331123
EDIT based on the edit to the question:

No, I think the success of the books cited above is indicative that, even if the reader isn't surprised by the death of the narrator, tension need not be broken.

Good storytelling can be achieved with any device at hand. It really depends on us, as writers, to build the tension in other situations and relationships in the story. As pointed out by @MarkBaker in a comment, whether the narrator survives the story or not isn't necessarily the source of tension for the story.

And, I STILL hope that helps some. :)

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Well, logically speaking, if it's first person, if you kill the narrator, it would be hard for the story to continue unless you change the perspective to someone new. Which.. defeats the purpose of first person in my opinion. Stories are told pass tense, which means that the person has to survive in order to tell the tale. They aren't usually written in the present. You could put some twist to it that at the end this person dies and the narration is from the person telling the story on their death bed or the likes...

Reflecting on all the stories/movies I have enjoyed, I don't recall a point where the narrator died when they played an active role in the story. Two that come to the top of my head currently... 300... the narrator was one of the warriors who was the only one to survive and was sent back to Sparta. Ends with him finishing the tale on the precipice of battle with a full army at his back.

We have sandlot... who told the story through the eyes of Smalls and ends with him in current day being a sports caster observing Benny steal home.

Even the Hobbit, was told of Bilbo recalling his tale of his journey, having the trilogy begin and end with him in modern day. Lord of the rings, was a story narrated from Frodo's perspective and end with him handing his writing to Sam before sailing.

So I would say yes, the narrator must survive to tell the tale. The only way I could see you writing the narrator die is if you pull something like in the titanic... The story was told from Rose's perspective. Ending with her in modern day/present day after having finished her story and poetically dying on the waters above where the Titanic sank.

EDIT: In response to your edit of the question, my answer is no, knowing the person narrating is going to live or die does not take away from the thrill of the story. The thrill is in the journey itself as I commented on Mark's post.

I go on a vacation, and I tell my friends about the white water rapids trip I took where the water threw me around narrowly dodging rocks, hitting a wave and being tossed out of the raft! GASP THEN! I was tumbling under the water in the current gasping for air as my head came above the choppy water every so often! TO MAKE IT WORSE! There was a fork in the river where one path took me towards a water fall and I had no way of controlling myself! Before I knew it my back smacked into a rock holding me in place in the river. I managed to grab onto a tree root and pull myself to safety and wait for my friends to come get me. That my friends is how I ended up all bruised and with a broken rib.

Obviously here in this made up vacation... we know the person is going to live.. they are telling it to our face! But it's the suspense and excitement that keeps you listening as they recall the story of how they nearly died and came home in a body cast. You are invested in it because hopefully this person is a friend you care about!

Point being, make your character where the audience is invested in them! Whether they die or not won't make people care about them if they aren't invested. A good character with a good story will make people invested and enjoy the thrill. Even if they know this person will live or die.

To further add, there has been several anime where it was pretty obvious from episode 1 that said character would die at the end. Even when you knew it was coming, that didn't change the fact that someone decided to chop onions on the last episode and make my eyes water. You are bonded to the story, to the characters and their tale is entertaining enough that even when you know the outcome, it still emotionally moves you.

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