: Are citations the same as references in IEEE? It appears that the word citation and references are use interchangeably. Are they the same thing? https://www.ieee.org/documents/ieeecitationref.pdf

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IEEE uses a style that is common for journal articles and academic works. The citation is the full "description" of the work -- author, title, date, publication, etc. The document you linked describes the citation styles for various kinds of works and calls them "citiation standards".

The reference is the in-text pointer to a citation. While a citation might be:

[3] Bovik, H. Q., "Parallel Languages for Parallel Universes," Otherworldly Computing, 3(391-407),1990.

The reference would look something like:

On the other hand, Bovik [3] asserts that parallel languages have the following properties...

Confusingly, citations are usually listed at the end of the paper in a section called "References", though sometimes you see "Works Cited". If IEEE has guidelines for the title of this section, I couldn't find it.

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