: How to portray a character with gender dysphoria? Context In my fantasy novel-in-progress, one of the two main characters has a close friend he's known since childhood. Both of them are greatly

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Above answers are pretty well researched, so I am going to keep this simple.

Thing is, we don't feel the dysphoria all the time, so you should avoid pointing out a constant depression due to it. Sometimes the character has fun, laughs, gets into the ideology of "body doesn't mean shit." But sometimes, they get referred with a pronoun of another gender. Sometimes they catch their reflection on a store window with one or more of their unwanted, gendered features highlighted. Similar to how you write a trauma, sprinkling that stuff into the story like a fine spice instead of making a constant drama on it is always more relatable and just reads better.

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I'm going to talk about fun first, and concepts second.

If you want trans readers to enjoy your story, my advice would be: don't make the trans character's life an unending hell. It doesn't have to be a tragedy. Let him have some fun. Maybe let him laugh at how silly those other people are about gender, who don't realise how freeing it can be to break the rules. Is he annoyed when someone rudely, pointedly calls him ma'am when he's out wearing trousers and a waistcoat? Very much so. But his life doesn't have to be all suffering all the time, and it certainly helps that you wrote him a friend who accepts him as he is. I wouldn't focus too heavily on him hating himself. Not all trans people have the same level of disphoria anyway, there's a diversity of experience.

The terminology of trans people, and fundamental concepts of what it means to be trans, have changed a lot over the last hundred and fifty years. They also vary dramatically between cultures.

Since you're writing in a pseudo-victorian fantasy setting, it is up to you to decide how you want to balance between actual historical ideas, 21st century ideas, or ideas unique to your fantasy world. All valid options.

However, the more you diverge from 21st century Western ideas, the more you might have to explain to the reader, and the more you risk the reader not having fun and/or saying mean things about you on twitter.

(I'm writing a story about a trans woman in the year 3000... and it's taking a frankly unreasonable amount of expository dialogue to get across that a minority of my Martians don't see gender the same way Terrans do! Maybe you don't want to do that, and that's OK)

In the actual late 1800s and early 1900s, sex change surgery didn't exist, and hormone therapy was non existant for trans women and not widely available or well known for trans men. There was no word or defined process for transitioning. Also, the possibility of a marriage between two equals simply did not occur to many gay or straight people. Consequently, the difference between a tom who lived like a man because she wanted a wife, and a man born female who lived as a man because he saw himself as a man, was not as clearly delineated as it is now. However getting this across to the reader without offending anyone would be, honestly, a job and a half.

Doctors of the time were split on terminology. Some referred to all butch lesbians, femme gays, crossdressers, trans people and intersex people as "inverts". According to the magnetic theory of sexual attraction (opposites attract!) it was assumed that a female invert would want to marry a "normal" woman; any butch/femme couple or trans man with a wife would be seen as confirming this theory.

Other doctors of the era had started to distinguish between homosexuals and what they called "transvestites". No distinction between crossdressers and transsexuals was made before the mid 20th century, when a need for such a distinction was found by a doctor who wanted to decide who should or should not be given hormones. Again, that lack of distinction is another thing your readers might be uncomfortable with.

The emphasis on gender dysphoria is also a mid 20th century thing, from the diagnostic criteria for prescribing hormones. Before that, it's not talked about much, and there's no word for it.

Ordinary people didn't necessarily use this medical terminology, although some did if they were well-read.

What we would now call LGBT communities had their own words for male or female inverts. Uranians, toms, marys, queans, etc.

Trans people without access to a community like that would have had no special words and just had to come up with their own ways of thinking about themselves. There certainly were at least a couple of trans men in that era who simply insisted "I am a man". That, at least, is an easy thing to write that won't make 21st century people uncomfortable.

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What is gender dysphoria?

Gender dysphoria is a relatively new diagnosis, defined as someone who feels uncomfortable with their body because it does not align with their gender identity. Unlike an outdated diagnosis of transgenderism (which was treated with conversion therapy), gender dysphoria is treated today with hormones, surgery, clothing that reinforces one's gender identity, and/or therapy. The word itself is almost certainly anachronistic in Victorian times.

Transgender and "experiencing gender dysphoria" are not synonyms. I am transgender all of the time, but as long as I work out and wear the right clothes I experience gender dysphoria very rarely. Others may experience gender dysphoria more regularly. The more severe the dysphoria the earlier people usually transition, and the more severe the mental health ramifications are if they do not.

As a trans man, gender dysphoria for me is usually accompanied by intense anger at myself, any God that exists, and the world in general. When I'm suffering from dysphoria I push myself to work out to dangerous levels, yell often, and throw things when I'm alone.

How to portray gender dysphoria

As with everything, the two keys to portraying gender dysphoria are figuring out what role the scene is supposed to play in your story, and doing your research. For research, read biographies by trans people and news articles that include interviews with parents of young trans kids. (Parents from conservative backgrounds who let their kids transition young usually do so because of particularly severe dysphoria.)

If you're not writing from inside the head of the trans character, gender dysphoria might be a little hard to distinguish from other disputes over gender identity. It's a bit hard to portray respectfully because it looks a little extreme to the outside observer. Trademarks of dysphoria are aversions towards mirrors/reflections, and aggressive reactions towards parts of one's own body (as if trying to get rid of it).

For a scene inside the trans character's head, gender dysphoria is associated with very strong reactions (temper issues, depression, eating disorders), and frustration with an inability to get others to understand what's wrong.

Note that most books about transgender characters rarely include scenes about gender dysphoria, although they may talk about it in the abstract. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't include it. The main reason scenes of gender dysphoria are usually avoided is probably because they are very internalized and may seem hard to believe for cisgender audiences.

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As mentioned in some previous comments, I am uneasy with your use of "gender dysphoria." Is this a dated place holder for "trans-gender" or are intentionally focusing on this as a pathology (which is problematic on more levels than I want to address)?

If you are wanting to write about a trans character, talk to trans people.
Based on the experiences of trans friends, I can suggest that it would be helpful to imagine your character as simply being the gender with which they identify. At least as a little thought experiment, eliminate all confusion with regard to their interior life. Now, imagine everyone sees them as the other gender (as if they were disguised or cloaked by a hologram). Given that you are suggesting setting them in a sexually repressive and intolerance time, suppose they have to go "undercover" and pretend to play along with other peoples' perceptions for their safety, even though these bear no relation to the character's interior reality.

Is this all a bit of an over simplification? Sure, but maybe it will help you to break away from a cis-normative perspective and find empathy for your character.

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Firstly, have the right reasons for writing this story. (This paragraph won't speak to the one scene you're stuck on, but it's worth fleshing out a point here.) If you realise you don't, that's fine; you can write something else (and by that, I could mean a different story that still features such a character). There are excellent reasons for including a trans character in a story; even today fiction doesn't do enough to represent trans people, and especially trans males. But there are also bad ones, such as using their being unusual either as a source of humour (in this respect Mrs Doubtfire, which at the time was a vital commentary on divorce, hasn't aged well), or even if horror. For some reason society thinks "they're mentally ill" is enough reason for someone to be a serial killer, even if it means inventing an illness or lying about how one works. And while gender dysphoria is a valid modern term for a certain constellation of problems trans people can face (but it's not synonymous with being transgender), a story's usage of a GD character will err if this is used to amuse or scare us instead of to humanise the character to the point of sympathy. It sounds like you're not making that kind of mistake in the scene you describe, but bear it in mind elsewhere.
Secondly, since your story's setting is modelled on a very specific time and place, it's important to research it well. Look into what people said at the time, and whether private actions reveal something different. (To take a different but not entirely unrelated example, Victorians enjoyed sex a lot more and in more variety than they publicly acknowledged.) And if you can find what trans people at the time said about their own experiences, so much the better. Similarly, if you can find other real events that closely mirror what you want to write about, e.g. a child facing transphobia from family, learn about those too. At this point you don't necessarily even know what form the event would take, let alone how it would feel.
Lastly, have an eye to the effect on the story as a whole. Your scene won't be hermetically sealed. This isn't just about making the portrayal more respectful; it speaks to issues writers always face such as characterisation consistency, character development, making twists surprising on a first reading but obviously hinted at on a second, how other characters are affected, and so on. I realise the trans male isn't the main focus of the story, but having such a friend will inform an MC's trajectory ever so slightly. I know I'm a slightly different person for having had the eye-opening experiences I've had with many kinds of diversity, including trans people.

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